Linux Init Processes

The Linux Init Processes:

The init process is the last step in the boot procedure and identified by process id “1”. Init is responsible for starting system processes as defined in the /etc/inittab file. Init typically will start multiple instances of “getty” which waits for console logins which spawn one’s user shell process. Upon shutdown, init controls the sequence and processes for shutdown. The init process is never shut down. It is a user process and not a kernel system process although it does run as root.

System Processes:

Process ID Description
0 The Scheduler
1 The init process
2 kflushd
3 kupdate
4 kpiod
5 kswapd
6 mdrecoveryd

Network Filesystems

NFS Sun’s Network Filesystem (NFS) is the preferred method of file sharing for networks of Unix or Linux computers. The Linux kernel includes both NFS client support

Coda This is an advanced network filesystem that supports features omitted from NFS. These features include better security (including encryption) and improved caching.

SMB/CIFS The Server Message Block (SMB) protocol, which has been renamed the Core Internet Filesystem (CIFS), is the usual means of network file sharing among Microsoft OSs. The Linux kernel includes SMB/CIFS client support, so you can mount SMB/CIFS shares. You can configure your Linux computer as an SMB/CIFS server using the Samba package (http://www.samba.org). The filesystem type code for SMB/CIFS shares is smbfs.

NCP The NetWare Core Protocol (NCP) is NetWare’s file sharing protocol. As with SMB/CIFS, Linux includes basic NCP client support in the kernel, and you can add separate server packages to turn Linux into an NCP server. NCP’s filesystem type code is ncpfs.

Unix System Formatting Tools –

 Formating Tools

Table 7. Formating Tools

Tool Requirements Description
e2fsck Included in tomsrtbt-1.6.335 Checks an ext2 filesystem for errors
format Included with Windows 95 and Windows 98 Creates a vfat filesystem on a chosen partition
mke2fs Included in tomsrtbt-1.6.335 Creates an ext2 filesystem on a chosen partition.
mkswap Included in tomsrtbt-1.6.335 Creates a swap filesystem on a chosen partition.

Restore grup boot loader after installing windows 7 and 8

Boot-Repair is a simple tool to repair frequent boot issues you may encounter in Ubuntu like when you can’t boot Ubuntu after installing Windows or another Linux distribution, or when you can’t boot Windows after installing Ubuntu, or when GRUB is not displayed anymore, some upgrade breaks GRUB, etc.

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Remark: this can also be performed from a live-CD or live-USB.

Either add ‘ppa:yannubuntu/boot-repair’ to your Software Sources via the Software Centre or, for speeds-sake, add it using a new Terminal session:

Boot-Repair can be installed & used from any Ubuntu session (normal session, or live-CD, or live-USB). PPA packages are available for Ubuntu 10.04, 10.10, 11.04, 11.10, 12.04 and 12.10.